Which term denotes a testing approach where the tester has partial knowledge of the target environment?

• A. Grey-Box Testing
• B. Grey-Hat hackers
• C. Hacker
• D. FQDN

Answer: (A)

Grey-box testing is the testing approach where the tester has partial knowledge of the target environment. This sits between black-box testing, which uses no internal information, and white-box testing, which uses full access. By having some context—such as a bit of the network topology, design documents, or limited credentials—the tester can tailor tests to focus on realistic paths and potential weak points while still avoiding full internal access. This helps uncover vulnerabilities or misconfigurations that pure ignorance might miss, without the overhead of complete transparency. The other terms don’t describe a testing method: Grey-Hat hackers refer to individuals with mixed ethical or legal motives, a hacker is a general term for someone who accesses systems, and a fully qualified domain name is just a network naming concept.