Which testing approach uses no prior knowledge of the target system?

• A. Testing (Black-Box)
• B. Testing (Grey-Box)
• C. Testing (White-Box)
• D. Penetration Testing

Answer: (A)

Testing without any insight into how the system is built relies on treating the target as a black box: you interact only with its publicly exposed interfaces, inputs, and outputs, and you evaluate behavior without peeking at code, design, or internal configurations. This approach mirrors how real users and external clients experience the system, uncovering issues that surface from how the system behaves externally rather than from how it is implemented. Because there is no prior knowledge of internal structure, test cases focus on functional requirements, input validation, error handling, interfaces, and overall user flows rather than code paths or internal logic.

Grey-box testing involves some knowledge of the internals, white-box testing relies on full visibility into code and architecture, and penetration testing is a security-focused assessment that may use various levels of information depending on the engagement. The aspect of having no prior knowledge points squarely to black-box testing.